NAD+

NAD+ is an essential coenzyme found in all living cells, participating in hundreds of metabolic redox reactions as an electron carrier. In longevity and cellular health research, NAD+ serves as a substrate for Sirtuins (SIRT1–7, NAD+-dependent deacetylases), PARP enzymes (DNA damage repair), and CD38/CD157 (cyclic ADP-ribose signaling). NAD+ levels decline markedly with age — by 50%+ in many tissues between young adulthood and middle age.

Age-related decline: NAD+ levels fall 50%+ between young adulthood and middle age in animal models of aging.

Sirtuin activation: SIRT1 and SIRT3 activation linked to improved mitochondrial biogenesis, reduced inflammation, and enhanced DNA repair.

Muscle function: Aged mice treated with NAD+ precursors showed improved muscle strength, endurance, and reduced fatigue.

Neuroprotection: Neuronal models show NAD+ replenishment protects against degeneration and supports axonal integrity.

PARP activation: Adequate NAD+ supports genomic stability under oxidative and genotoxic stress conditions.